The International Alliance of Research Universities issued a report, Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions, that presents an up-to-date overview of recent climate change research. The report states that greenhouse gas emissions are near the upper boundary of recent UN projections, and that  key climate indicators - such as sea-level rise, global ocean temperatures, Arctic sea ice extent, ocean acidification, and extreme climatic events - are already moving beyond the patterns of natural variability within which our contemporary society and economy have developed and thrived.  "With unabated emissions, many trends in climate will likely accelerate, leading to an increasing risk of abrupt or irreversible climatic shifts." One of the key messages of the report is that inaction is inexcusable. "Society already has many tools and approaches – economic, technological, behavioural, and managerial – to deal effectively with the climate change challenge. If these tools are not vigorously and widely implemented, adaptation to the unavoidable climate change and the societal transformation required to decarbonise economies will not be achieved. A wide range of benefits will flow from a concerted effort to achieve effective and rapid adaptation and mitigation. These include job growth in the sustainable energy sector; reductions in the health, social, economic and environmental costs of climate change; and the repair of ecosystems and revitalisation of ecosystem services."   The International Alliance of Research Universities includes: Australian National University, University of California - Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Copenhagen, ETH Zürich, National University of Singapore, University of Oxford, Peking University, The University of Tokyo, and Yale University.